If I understand you correctly, you have already mapped the behavioral pattern of your boss. You are already in far better control than you think you are. You know the signs when he is about to find faults; acknowledge his points. Nothing better will work than helping him restore his point. Bullies take years to be as bad as they are, so give yourself that many years to deal with them.
See it as a game; each time he tries his way, let him win and appreciate his effort to correct and build you. Acknowledge and give him credit for his words, for what works for you. Be patient with yourself. This is an entirely new zone for you. Learn the rules and play by them.
There are no brownie points for you, but the fact that you will learn to handle him until you are in this job is your award. Once you master it, there can be no one who can shake you up this bad. Bullies want to see us suffer. When you appreciate him, you are changing the feeling towards a better one.
Detach your thoughts from his words and see it as objectively as you can. Rather, challenge yourself to stretch your limits. Understand this is your course for Emotional Intelligence and nothing more. However, each time you stretch, reward yourself with something that you like, such as a mini trip to a nearby place that makes you happy or even your favorite song
My thoughts are from my experience; hence they might not make much sense to you. However, if you help me think along, I might be able to help better. Thank you for sharing your situation with us. We are certain you will solve it no sooner!