Confused About Claiming Medical Allowance, LTA, and Bonus? Let's Discuss the Timing and TDS Impact

Can anybody tell me "how and when can we claim Medical Allowance, LTA, and Bonus?

For example, if the salary breakup of ABC is as follows:
MONTHLY ANNUALLY
Basic: 12750 153000
HRA: 4463 53556
Conveyance: 600 7200
LTA: ------ 6375
Medical Allowance: ------ 6375
Telephone/Books: 2000 24000
Periodicals Allowance
Refreshment Allowance: 2050 24600
Ex-Gratia: ------ 12750
TOTAL TAKE HOME: 21858 (monthly)
ANNUAL CTC: 287856

The date of joining is: 11th July 2007.

Now, my question is when can I claim Medical, LTA, and Bonus? And how will TDS be deducted for 6 months?

Ghazala

In our company, we used to give LTA only after probation and it can be claimed only twice a year. For that, employees have to take a 7-day earned leave and get it approved by their superior 4 weeks in advance. Medical reimbursements are made once an employee produces bills.