Dear Hidaytulla, I am trying to explain all four forms based on my understanding. Correct me if I am wrong.
CV
CV stands for Curriculum Vitae, and your academic, technical, and other education details are focused on. You use this when applying for your first job, particularly just after completing your curriculum studies. This is mostly used by academicians and educationists. In the U.S., "C.V." is used almost exclusively within academia and is a listing of degrees, research, publications, etc., used to establish one's credentials within an academic or scientific discipline.
Résumé
(To be correct, it should be résumé. The word is French. The original spelling is "résumé," and this is the preferred spelling in English as well.) This format can be used for experienced job seekers, mostly for persons seeking jobs in industries and institutions. This is a detailed summary of all your achievements in the academic/technical qualification area as well as your job achievements.
Profile
This can be used as a part of a résumé, like a profile or qualification section in a résumé. A profile can't be treated as a full résumé, though it may highlight something to the employers.
Biodata
(Biological Data) Don't use this word in place of a résumé anymore because it lists out your biological profile, like your date of birth, family background, etc. A mature job seeker is not supposed to use the word "biodata" in place of a résumé. In many countries, biodata is used to explain the pedigree of animals like horses and dogs.
Hence, using a résumé is the most accepted one.
With warm regards,
Regards