Exploring Modern Computer-Based Training: What's New in India and Abroad?

Hello Everybody, nowadays, computer-based training is increasingly becoming interactive and realistic. For example, interactive multimedia training integrates the use of text, video, graphics, and sound with which the trainee interacts. This also happens in the training of physicians, wherein they take a hypothetical patient's history, conduct examinations, check tests, and even hear the sound of the patient's heart.

What else is being done in this field nowadays in India and abroad?

As CBT is a rapidly growing and effective method of training, many organizations are shifting from IBT (Instructor-Based Training) to CBT (Computer-Based Training). Below are some examples of industries/companies that are using Computer-Based Training:

CBT in Aviation

Air Traffic Control: The computer system provides the same conditions that a traffic controller faces. He learns how to make planes land and take off during bad weather conditions. He can see the different planes on the screen and then decide how to make them land.

Pilot Training: Mostly, pilots are trained through pilot simulators. However, it's very costly. But in CBT, using a mix of video, graphics, and audio, some airlines were able to cut down on the amount of simulator time that their pilots required to gain. This, in turn, made pilot training cheaper and faster and cut simulator training costs. It provides similar weather conditions to the pilot. These are totally risk-free and very effective.

HP

HP is also training their employees through Computer-Based Training Systems. It is the best way in which they can provide the same type of training to their employees in different areas of the world. They have also developed software programmed through which we can learn how to diagnose the problem on our workstation or operating systems (HP Vision Field Diagnostics Computer-Based Training Utility).

Anheuser-Busch Company

It is a Belgium-based American-owned brewing and theme park company. The company operates 12 breweries in the United States and nearly 20 in other countries. Also, it is one of America's largest theme park operators. This company is also training its workers through computer-based training systems. In both divisions (brewery and theme park), they are using CBT.

Regards,
Ravinder Jit Singh Dhillon MBA-1(A)

Good Evening Mam, Some computer-based training techniques are:

1) IBM's Virtual World Program
The idea behind the program was to take new employees from more remote locations and give them an orientation and training platform that would not only connect them to a larger social network but also allow them to develop the necessary skills needed to perform their jobs. IBM created IBM@Play, a virtual world where employees create avatars and interact in real business solutions in a safe, fictional environment. The idea was to take a simulation and present it more as a game.

2) E-learning Games ICICI Bank Plays to Train Its New Employees
India's largest private sector bank, play is an integral part of work. Junior and middle-level managers hired for customer-facing functions are made to play online games for several hours before they get down to the business of dealing with people. More than 2,000 ICICI employees have been playing games and winning prizes as preparation for handling customers. The use of online games fits in nicely with the HR department's focus on e-learning.

3) Training Techniques Used by Airtel
To encourage learning within the organization, the company has set up a state-of-the-art learning centre. Here, employees can log on to customized training programs developed by British Telecom (BT). Though the material is transmitted through the Internet, it is not accessible to anybody outside the organization as the access is protected.

Regards,
Gurinder Singh
MBA 1-A

Re: Computer-Based Training Techniques

Hello Mam, companies looking to cut down on employee training costs are tapping into collaboration technology, ranging from flashy, full-fledged video-on-demand services to wikis and micro-blogs.

Employee training can be expensive for companies. Classes take up valuable time, can generate travel expenses, and require outlays of cash to pay experts to offer the same instruction repeatedly. Translating that training content into video and social software platforms like wikis and blogs can reduce or eliminate many of those costs.

"There's demonstrable savings in terms of travel and in distance-learning types of things, and then there's productivity benefits in terms of giving employees the information they need to do their job."

Cisco often touts the millions it has saved in travel through its TelePresence systems, but even a minimal capital investment, coupled with a smart strategy, can provide serious savings.

Regards,
YOGESH BHATT
MBA-1A

COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING GUIDE: CBT TECHNIQUES

Most CBT uses one or a combination of the following techniques:

• Tutorial
The most common of all techniques is the tutorial. It is used to introduce new information that must be taught in a sequential manner. It is useful for teaching factual information, simple discrimination, rules, and the simple application of rules.

• Drill and Practice
Another commonly used technique is known as drill and practice. It provides opportunities for practice when mastery of a new skill or information is desired. It should be used after initial instruction.

• Training Games
Training games supplement other instruction and are used to provide motivating and engaging opportunities for practice after a skill or new information is taught. Training games capitalize on the competitive interests of learners and add entertainment value to instruction.

• Simulation
The technique of simulation is most often used when practicing a skill in its real context is too costly or dangerous. It provides an opportunity for experimentation and allows students to test assumptions in a realistic context. Simulations are also used to model real-world situations that are not physically dangerous or costly, in order to build realism and relevance into the training situation.

• Problem Solving
One of the most challenging techniques used in CBT is problem-solving. It helps students develop skills in logic, solving problems, and following directions and is generally used to augment higher-order thinking skills.

• Demonstration/Presentation
Demonstration or presentation is best used to support the introduction of new information. It can also be used as a review tool.

Most CBT incorporates one or more of these techniques. A training game, for example, might have some of the elements of drill and practice; a tutorial might use problem-solving questions. If one or more of these techniques is right for meeting your training requirements, CBT may be an appropriate training method for you.

Regards,
Simranpreet Singh
MBA-1(A)

Examples of Industries Using Computer-Based Training

Some examples of industries/companies that are using Computer-Based Training:

• Microsoft Excel computer-based training - a training software you can take both online or on your computer that will teach you basic and advanced techniques in using MS Excel.

• Adobe Photoshop CBT - a training course for those who want to learn photo editing and graphic designs.

Today, CBT has grown to include nonlinear learning and collaborative communities for learners to connect with other learners.

Moodle

Moodle, an open-source Course Management System (CMS), was launched in November 2001 and boasts over 50,000 validated registered sites in 214 countries, offering over 3 million courses. The Moodle platform can deploy on an individual website or for large institutions with thousands of students. Moodle includes modules such as forums, databases, and wikis to help create Web 2.0 collaborative communities, along with the ability to implement the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) for assessing assignments or quizzes.

Training Jump Start

Training Jump Start allows you to create CBT with a wide variety of options such as PowerPoint, videos, YouTube, Flash, audio, TechSmith's Camtasia Studio, Adobe Captivate or Articulate Presenter, HTML, Word, PDF, and more. There is also the option of having users pay to enroll.

Conductor

Conductor CBT for employee education allows registration and tracking of your employees' training needs. You can create employee profiles, assign classes, and track attendance. You can also issue licenses and certifications. Reports are available, and if you are not able to find a report from their list, you have the option to modify or create your own.

Computer-Based Training Methods

1. **eLearning:** Using presentation slides, audio, video, and graphics, the eLearning training process is broken down into smaller modules that contain training content.

2. **Webinars:** Another new type of CBT. Instructors use webcams to conduct seminars and train their trainees.

3. **Videos:** Videos can be created to teach a wide variety of content—anything from applying makeup to using certain types of software.

Regards,
Er. Amandeep Singh
MBA 1 A

With the worldwide expansion of companies and changing technologies, the demand for knowledgeable and skilled employees has increased more than ever, putting pressure on the HR department to provide training at lower costs. Many organizations are now implementing CBT as an alternative to classroom-based training to accomplish these goals. About 75% of organizations are providing training to employees through the intranet or internet. The internet is not the method of training but has become the technique of delivering training. CBT does not require face-to-face interaction with a human trainer.

The Various Methods Under the Computer-Based Approach

1. **Intelligent Tutorial System (ITS)** - It is a text-based and interactive system. It consists of an expert knowledge base, a trainee model, a training session manager, and a user interface. For example, ISC Learning Group and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provide CBT to 3,000 employees per year.

2. **Programmed Instruction (PI)** - It comprises graphics, multimedia, and text that are interconnected and stored in memory. This method allows trainees to progress through the content at their individual speed and capability. If trainees struggle to retain information, they are directed back to the original content. If they retain the information, they move on to the next set of information to be learned. For instance, IT companies like Epistema and Webucator Inc.

3. **Virtual Reality** - Virtual Reality is a training method that immerses the participant in a 3D environment simulating situations and events experienced on the job. For example, military training.

Regards,
Shaveta Gupta
MBA - 1 A

Introduction to E-Learning

E-learning

Many companies have implemented e-learning, which encompasses several different types of technology-assisted training, such as distance learning, computer-based training (CBT), or web-based training (WBT). Distance learning occurs when trainers and trainees are in remote locations; typically, technology is used to broadcast a trainer's lecture to many trainees in separate locations. Distance learning can be much less expensive than paying for trainees in multiple locations to travel for a lecture, but it may reduce motivation to learn because of the remoteness of the trainer.

Computer-based training and web-based training are virtually similar. With this type of training, content is delivered through the computer, using any combination of text, video, audio, chat rooms, or interactive assessment. It can be as basic as reading text on a screen or as advanced as answering quiz questions based on a computerized video that the trainee has viewed. The difference between CBT and WBT is that, with CBT, the training program is stored on a hard drive, a CD-ROM, or diskette. This means that it is not easy to update and may be more difficult for employees to access. Conversely, WBT is housed online through either a company's intranet or through the World Wide Web. This increases the accessibility of training; employees may even be able to train from their home computers. Additionally, updates to content are quick and relatively easy. For example, if an error in the training content is found, one update on the training program housed on a server updates the content for every trainee who accesses it after that point. For a change to be made to CBT, new CD-ROMs or diskettes would have to be produced.

E-learning is an alternative to classroom-based training, and it can provide a number of advantages. E-learning can:
• reduce trainee learning time by allowing trainees to progress at their own pace
• reduce the cost of training, particularly by reducing costs associated with travel to a training location
• provide instructional consistency by offering the same training content to employees worldwide
• allow trainees to learn at their own pace, thereby reducing any boredom or anxiety that may occur
• provide a safe method for learning hazardous tasks with computer simulations
• increase access to training for learners in locations around the world

E-learning is effective at developing declarative and, in particular, procedural knowledge. It can be useful in developing some types of skills and for modifying attitudes. E-learning develops declarative knowledge through repeated presentation of facts, using a variety of formats and presentation styles. It can do an excellent job of describing when and how to apply knowledge to various situations. Procedural knowledge is developed by allowing trainees to practice applying the knowledge to various situations simulated by the software. This training delivery method is valuable because it can automatically document trainees' responses, interpret them, and provide appropriate practice modules to improve areas of weakness.

Using e-learning, skill development is limited by the software's ability to mimic the trainee's job environment and context. For some situations, such as training employees in the use of word processing, spreadsheet, and other computer-based software, e-learning is an appropriate choice for teaching skills. Here, the tasks and situations trainees will face on the job are easily simulated by the training software. On the other hand, it is very difficult to develop CBT software that realistically simulates interaction between two or more people or a person and an object in a dynamic environment. Other methods must be utilized for these situations.

E-learning can be effective at developing or modifying attitudes. The factual relationships among objects and events, and the consequences of particular courses of action, can be portrayed in many ways with e-learning technology. How objects, events, and their relationships are perceived can be altered by the visual and textual content presented in a CBT. However, since the objects and events are simulated, rather than real, the emotional or affective side of attitudes may not be activated. In addition, there is no opportunity during e-learning to discuss attitudes with others in a setting where a trainer can monitor, direct, and reinforce the discussion to support the desired attitude(s). This may be one reason many adult learners indicate a preference for e-learning to be combined with some form of instructor-based training. Trainees often prefer blended training, which is when both computer and face-to-face training are combined, and it is used by many organizations.

Regards, Varun Gupta MBA-1(A)

Sumeet Kumar Jaiswal
MBA 1A

Hello, ma'am, these are the computer-based training techniques followed by different companies.

Web-Based Training
Web-based training is taking the training and education world by storm. Just to get a sense of how fast web-based training is growing, consider some of these indicators. For example, the Graphic, Visualization and Usability Center (GVU) at Georgia Tech is using this technique. Since the variety and subvariety of products are increasing day by day, they are providing catalogs, charts, and strategies for selling by using the web. This is effective for cost-cutting and also saves time. Most Fortune 500 companies have offices and competitors around the world. Traditionally, these companies first train their North American sales representatives, service staff, and engineering groups on new products and then train employees in Europe, Asia/Pacific, and the rest of the world.

Quick Start Training
Quick Start develops multimedia-based training CDs as part of a complete training package when that is the best way to meet a client company's needs. For the Sony training project, Gorgein firm assembled a team of experts to work with Sony employees, such as Rosauer and other technical experts. Quick Start headed the production end, providing animators, computer programmers, graphic artists, instructional designers, and video producers.

Customized Training Programme
Computer-based training can be customized to the needs of each employer, providing an important additional benefit. While traditional classroom learning forces students to adapt to a rigid class structure, computer-based training programs can be adjusted and customized to the needs of each business. If the business needs to focus on a particular area of the program, that ability is available. If the workers at the company will not need to use a particular feature of the software, that portion can be omitted from the training. For example, Lybrinth Consultancy of Gurugram is using this technique.

Survey Training Programmes Through Software
Describes a study that aims to reveal the current methods and tools of training in US hospitality firms and to discover the opinions of those using them as to whether the methods and tools are effective and efficient. Hospitality training executives were surveyed and asked to identify the methods and tools used in their organization, to rate each method and tool, and to give suggestions for improvement if they believed it was needed. Answers were compared according to the position of the respondent, size of the company based on the number of employees, annual sales, and level of the company. For example, MCB UP Ltd is using this technique.

Movable Presentation Through Ambay
Ambay is using to train their employees of different localities through slides. Their experts used to mail or move (if possible) with different kinds of slides, and they use to train them as per the locality or requirement. This trains them for direct and effective selling of their products.

Others
Much more is also going on in different companies by using text, video, audio, clips, pie charts, graphs, CDs, etc. For example, Infosys, Capgemini, Ranbaxy, etc., are all using these techniques.

Regards

Computer-Based Training Techniques

Hello mam, these are the computer-based training techniques followed by different companies.

Web-Based Training

Web-based training is taking the training and education world by storm. Just to get a sense of how fast web-based training is growing, consider some of these indicators. For example, the Graphic, Visualization, and Usability Center (GVU) at Georgia Tech is using this technique. Since the variety and sub-variety of products are increasing day by day, they are providing catalogs, charts, and strategies for selling by using the web. This is effective for cost-cutting and also saves time. Most Fortune 500 companies have offices and competitors around the world. Traditionally, these companies first train their North American sales representatives, service staff, and engineering groups on new products and then train employees in Europe, Asia/Pacific, and the rest of the world.

Quick Start Training

Quick Start training develops multimedia-based training CDs as part of a complete training package when that is the best way to meet a client company's needs. For the Sony training project, the Gorgein firm assembled a team of experts to work with Sony employees, such as Rosauer and other technical experts. Quick Start headed the production end, providing animators, computer programmers, graphic artists, instructional designers, and video producers.

Customized Training Programs

Computer-based training can be customized to the needs of each employer, providing an important additional benefit. While traditional classroom learning forces students to adapt to a rigid class structure, computer-based training programs can be adjusted and customized to the needs of each business. If the business needs to focus on a particular area of the program, that ability is available. If the workers at the company will not need to use a particular feature of the software, that portion can be omitted from the training. For example, Lybrinth consultancy of Gurgaon is using this technique.

Movable Presentation Through Slides

Ambay is using slides to train their employees in different localities. Their experts mail or move (if possible) with different kinds of slides and use them to train as per the locality or requirement. This trains them for direct and effective selling of their products.

Survey Training Programs Through Software

This describes a study which aims to reveal the current methods and tools of training in US hospitality firms and to discover the opinions of those using them as to whether the methods and tools are effective and efficient. Hospitality training executives were surveyed and asked to identify the methods and tools used in their organization, to rate each method and tool, and to give suggestions for improvement if they believed it was needed. Answers were compared according to the position of the respondent, size of the company based on the number of employees, annual sales, and level of the company. For example, MCB UP Ltd is using this technique.

Other Techniques

Much more is also going on in different companies by using text, video, audio, clips, pie charts, graphs, CDs, etc. For example, Infosys, Capgemini, Ranbaxy, etc., are all using these techniques.

Some good examples of companies using CBT techniques:

1. CBT for Police Radar Operators
Delivering radar operator training for members of the municipal police department. Police departments are responsible for conducting training and certification of police officers. Traditionally, these courses are taught by a state-certified instructor in a classroom setting. As the number of trainees started to rise, it became difficult to manage a large number of persons. So, they gradually shifted towards CBT techniques for training.

2. SRI International's Combat Readiness Training System
SRI International, a leading independent research institute based in Silicon Valley, has been awarded a $3 million contract to develop a statewide combat readiness training system for the California Army National Guard. This system integrates live battle exercises with computer-based simulators. It will greatly increase training effectiveness by linking live outdoor training exercises with simulators to create a realistic battlefield environment. In this environment, command, infantry, armored, and eventually, air elements of California's Army National Guard can interact during a combat training event without leaving their home stations.

For example, through computer networking, a command post in Los Alamitos, California, could send orders to a tank unit training at Camp Roberts near Paso Robles, while another Guard Unit in San Luis Obispo dispatches simulated soldiers to the virtual, interactive battlefield shared by all participants. Previously, such large-scale combined arms training exercises were infrequent due to the costs required to move widely distributed Guard units and their equipment to a single exercise location.

3. CBT in Astronaut Training
New CBT methods are also used in astronaut training.

For details, the file is attached.

Regards,
Narinder Kumar

MBA-1A

PC-based safety training is used in a variety of different industries. PC-based training allows the user to be self-taught and complete the training at his or her own pace.

Workplace Safety

PC-based safety training is a technological advancement some companies opt for when training new employees or providing continuing education opportunities. The PC-based learning system saves money by not having a dedicated classroom trainer and allows users to complete the training at their own pace. Implementing new safety protocols is easier to transition into a company by providing PC-based safety training continuing education for employees.

Regards,
Anjali MBA-1(a)

CBT is very popular nowadays and is used in different fields.

Computer Based Training:

These self-study computer training DVD/CD-based courses are packed with interactive content such as animations, videos, narrated step-by-step instructions, computer labs, hands-on exercises, quizzes, and practice exams. Self-paced CBT training courses provide the perfect medium for those who wish to learn at their own pace, on their own desktop.

Advantages:

CBT can improve job performance:

• It trains people in specific skills for specific performance.

• It trains people in general skills that broadly affect general performance.

• It provides increased access to information tools for decision-making.

CBT is cost-effective.

CBT gives trainers increased control over training activities:

• It provides management systems for tracking trainees' progress and location.

• It provides online testing to match a trainee with needed training. It ensures consistency of training in terms of quality and information presented.

• It provides standardization of training when training occurs in several work locations simultaneously.

Computer Based Training Methods:

- Microsoft Excel computer-based training: A training software you can take both online or on your computer that will teach you basic and advanced techniques in using MS Excel.

- Adobe Photoshop CBT: A training course for those who want to learn photo editing and graphic design.

- In military and air force:

Computer simulations allow the military to train soldiers for severe combat situations without actually having to put them in harm's way. The Air Force can train pilots in flight simulators long before they actually get in the cockpit. Computer simulations have become so advanced that computer games have begun to model themselves after combat and flight simulator software.

- Computer-based speech training:

Auditory feedback is used by children who have normal hearing abilities to learn speech. People who are profoundly deaf and cannot learn speech through the normal process of listening and mimicking the patterns of vocal articulations can make use of computer-based speech training.

Advantages of Speech Training Method by Computer Based:

1. In two studies reported by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, there was little significant difference between computer-based speech training and human speech therapy. Computer-based training is convenient—the student does not have to travel and wait to begin an exercise. It is also less costly once the software has been purchased.

Disadvantages of Speech Training by Computer Based:

2. Human interaction is an integral part of learning speech, not only for social purposes but also for physical ones. For example, part of the mechanism of speech is that the vocal folds produce vibrations in the throat. Hearing-impaired children can touch the neck of the therapist to feel the vibrations and then approximate them by feeling their own throat.

Hearing-Impaired Children:

3. Computer-based speech training provides both audio and video feedback to children and adults who have difficulties with certain articulations of speech. Progressing at their own pace, students' training time is not limited to an hour as with a speech therapist.

Regards,

GAURAV KUMAR GUPTA

MBA-IA

In addition to the first comment, CBT is used in CA training as well.

Regards,
GAURAV KUMAR GUPTA
MBA-IA

Computer-based training is a very effective and excellent concept of training. Nowadays, its area is increasing very rapidly. CBT is cost-effective as it eliminates travel for trainees. It is also self-paced, flexible, and individualized. CBT is tireless, and in CBT, there is increased control over training activity.

Design of Computer-Based Training

During the design phase (which is usually closely integrated with the development phase), trainers work from learning goals to design a training system that learners and trainers can implement to meet the learning goals. This phase also typically includes identifying learning objectives (which culminate in reaching the learning goals), needed facilities, necessary funding, course content, lessons, and the sequence of lessons. The various training media are selected, e.g., instructor-led, computer-based, World Wide Web-based, self-directed, interactive and computer-based, or multimedia. Course content is often piloted during the development phase or initially tested to ensure the content is understandable. Therefore, this design phase can also include identifying evaluation criteria to evaluate if course content is understandable by learners.

Uses

In Aviation

CBT is also used in pilot training by using video graphics, etc., so the use of CBT cuts simulator training costs.

In Martial Arts

There are a few websites that provide training for martial arts by offering different CDs like Volume 1: MMA Fundamentals, Volume 2: Mastering MMA Defense, Blocking And Movement, Volume 3: MMA Fight Strategies, etc.

In McDonald's

McDonald's uses CBT to orient new employees and train them about safety, security, hospitality, as well as the skills needed for various stations such as fryer, drive-thru, and front counter, etc., by using CD-ROMs.

Regards,
GAURAV
MBA-IA

Computer-based training techniques are very important in present times because the changing landscape of industries requires nonstop learning to stay ahead. Studies have shown that students learn 60% faster when using computer-based interactive tools, increase understanding by more than 55%, and retain new knowledge up to 50% longer. Some examples are as follows:

The Application of Engine Room Simulators

Today, many maritime academies and vocational training centers apply engine room simulators in the teaching/learning process. The objective of this training is to establish a minimum level of specialized knowledge and qualification in global ship traffic. An interactive program has been devised wherein trainees have the possibility to familiarize themselves with the system and develop operational skills. Various multimedia techniques of simulation have been applied in this program, including three-dimensional presentations, sound applications, diagrams, pictures, etc. Computer-based training (CBT) is being increasingly utilized in maritime academies as a preparatory stage, prior to the use of full mission engine room simulators. The basic role of CBT interactive programs is the familiarization with individual auxiliary machinery and associated systems, prior to the commencement of the operation with the whole engine room plant. The use of CBT modules is especially important in the case of complex marine control systems, where a perfect knowledge of different operational modes is required.

UNODC's Computer-Based Training on Drug Law Enforcement

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has developed computer-based training (CBT) on drug law enforcement. Transnational drug trafficking is a global concern, with drug traffickers using the latest technologies to avoid detection at land borders, airports, and seaports by Customs officers. Traffickers use innocuous couriers and adopt new methods to smuggle drugs. This global training tool applies a problem-solving and interactive approach and is managed by a Learning Management System (LMS). It covers 65 relevant topics, including the review of passports for land controls and airports, behavioral indicators at airports, and questioning persons at seaports/airports. The subjects are divided into five chapters: i) interdiction techniques for land controls, ii) interdiction techniques at airports, iii) interdiction techniques at seaports, iv) intelligence and controlled delivery, and v) money laundering.

CBT in the Energy Sector

Computer-based training is a technique of choice, as demonstrated by the three methods described below.

Customized Instruction

Power plant operators are required to maintain company standards of knowledge and performance, leading to a growing need for time-efficient operator training methods. In the past 10 years, power plant operator training has evolved from primarily text-based computer programs to sophisticated, interactive multimedia learning aids. For example, a currently available four-module CD-ROM course called "EPRI CBT" comes complete with video, animation, photographs, graphics, and professional narration. These computer-driven simulation and training tools can be used as classroom aids in conjunction with group training sessions or to guide tutorial sessions for independent study. This tool, in particular, contains general information about power plant turbines, specific information about some conventional turbines, and customized information about the power plant turbines where the training is taking place. Users of these tools have found that as they learn more about how operations affect plant equipment, they can make better decisions about start-up procedures and more quickly diagnose problems. As a result, plant staff productivity increases, plant performance improves, and equipment life is extended.

One energy company, City Public Service of San Antonio, has been using EPRI CBT for the past year with great success. They are taking their customization capability one step further by setting up operator competency standards based on training test results.

Virtual Control Center

A second method of efficient computer-based training involves sophisticated, realistic emulation of power systems in real time for training purposes. For example, EPRI's Operator Training Simulator (OTS) provides such a realistic copy of an energy control center that operators say it is indistinguishable from the real thing. The transportable OTS operates within an energy company's control center energy management system (EMS). Representation of the control center is exact, with the same displays, consoles, and controls used in the control room. Its models provide real-time simulation, allowing system operators to learn skills that help them operate the power grid efficiently under common and emergency situations. The latter scenarios include some that might not be encountered in a real-world setting for years but that are nonetheless critical for comprehensive training.

Instructors guide the training sessions, monitor system reactions, and evaluate trainee progress from behind a glass wall overseeing the trainees. Trainees (usually no more than four at a time) see and hear what they would during actual power system operation. In some scenarios, the instructors, posing as power plant or substation personnel, call the trainees or vice versa to simulate a real environment during emergency procedures.

The outcome of OTS training includes the following:

• Understanding of the power system concepts behind operating procedures
• Application of the operational knowledge using prepared operating orders
• Ability to make proper decisions where no procedures exist
• Honing of interactive skills to communicate with others

Desktop Classroom

A third example of computer-based training involves training on a variety of topics that can be done at users' desktops. For example, in interactive distance learning (IDL) systems, students at remote sites use microphone-equipped response keypads to communicate both verbally and electronically in real time with an instructor at a studio site. Students ask and answer questions electronically, while the instructor uses a touchscreen to issue formatted questions and activate student microphones. Questions and comments are heard by all the students on the network. This interactivity helps to boost student attention levels and interest while providing instructors with valuable real-time feedback.

One such program, the ONE TOUCH system, can handle up to 1500 remote sites, dependent on the comfort level of the user and the type of course content being covered. This training method is used for employee training in areas such as management, human resources, sales, marketing, and technical development. Compared to conventional training methods, customers using the ONE TOUCH IDL solution have reported a 100% increase in comprehension and an 80% increase in the amount of content covered.

Conclusion

These advanced training techniques couldn't come at a better time. Companies that train their employees using these advanced training techniques invest in a better-trained, more competitive organization.

Regards,
Isha Dharmani

MBA 1 A

COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING TECHNIQUES

Task Requirements

• Ability to teach a physical skill

Recent advances in CBT simulations may allow you to teach physical skills using specifically designed CBT programs. If your employees are to be using expensive or complicated equipment, or working in hazardous environments, CBT can provide "practice" via simulations. With simulations, mistakes, and the learning that results from them, will take place on the computer, not on the job.

• Ability to provide human interaction

Social interactions (conversations between people) are very difficult to teach in the abstract. If your trainees are learning how to use English (or the appropriate spoken language) that is acceptable with supervisors, peers, and clients; follow, clarify, or provide feedback to oral instructions; use aural communications devices; or engage in appropriate social interaction with supervisors, the public, co-workers, or instructors, live, lecture- (or conversation-) based training is probably the best training delivery method. However, recent advances in CBT simulations and video instruction tapes may allow you to use these media for language instruction. In some cases, CBT or video might be an appropriate adjunct to instruction with human interaction.

• Ability to determine and adapt to individual needs

Assessment is a valid part of any training. It enables the training program to target instruction appropriately. Computer-based training assessments may be best at initially placing and then monitoring students' progress within a curriculum. Workbooks and lecturers may also be able to assess learners and gauge their needs. The greatest value of assessment is the guidance it provides on targeting instruction. Good CBT can adapt to learners' individual needs, providing the amount of instructional support needed. Workbooks and lectures can do this to a lesser degree.

• Ability to question students and adjust instruction accordingly

It is important to quiz students periodically to determine whether or not they are mastering the material, and then to adjust instruction accordingly. Well-designed CBT will provide follow-up instruction appropriate to students' responses. Lecturers can also adapt instruction to students' grasp of the course content, but they usually have to target their follow-up to general student needs, rather than to each student's needs. Students using workbooks will probably have to determine what further instruction they might need on their own.

• Ability to provide immediate feedback

It is important for students to know how they are doing and whether they are mastering course content as soon as possible. Immediate feedback can keep them from floundering or going forward under misperceptions. CBT is best at providing immediate feedback. Workbooks and lecturers may also be able to, though not as well.

• Ability to produce life-like images

Some instruction requires high-quality visuals, such as illustrations of machine parts or body organs, to be effective. All of the training media discussed here have that capability, though lecture-based instruction needs some augmentation to provide these visuals.

• Ability to produce high-quality audio

Some instruction also requires high-quality audio reproduction to prepare trainees properly. Machine malfunctions might be best diagnosed by the sounds that they make, and the different sounds people make breathing could indicate different ailments. CBT and video are best suited to providing high-quality audio, and with augmentation, lectures can provide it as well.

• Ability to portray motion

Instruction using motion can demonstrate how something is to be done, for example, assembling equipment or a piece of furniture. CBT and video can clearly show the action, while texts and workbooks can only show pictures at various points in the process. Lectures can be augmented to portray motion.

• Ability to telescope time (time lapse or slow-mo)

Some processes (like the life cycle of a flower) are best shown with time-lapse video. CBT and video can do this extremely well. Conversely, some training may require slowing down time (showing the individual piston strokes of an internal combustion engine, for example). Again, CBT and video do this well.

• Ability to use in combination with other media

Some forms of instruction can be combined fairly easily (lecture with text, for example), some cannot. The ability to combine media may be important if, for example, learners need to master both theory and practice. Textbooks and workbooks are frequently designed for use with other media, while most CBT is designed as a stand-alone product.

• Ability to use computers

Computer literacy is rapidly becoming a basic skill all productive people will need to function in society and on the job. If employees are in jobs that require them to use computers, computer-based training can do double duty: both providing the training content intended, and building employees' comfort and facility with computers. If computers aren't yet used on the job, but will be soon, using CBT will introduce employees to computers and familiarize them with computer functions.

• Ability to teach more than one trainee simultaneously

If a company has a number of people that need to be trained, it is important that the training media work well with groups. All five of the media looked at in this chapter (computer-, video-, text-, workbook-, and lecture-based training) can teach more than one trainee at a time, though trainees would need to be able to access the computer-based training and textbooks individually, and each student would need his or her workbook.

• Ability to provide team as well as individual study

At times, it may be appropriate for individuals to learn how to do something as a group, such as analyzing production processes in order to improve quality. In these cases, it is best that individuals receive instruction together, so that they can share ideas and practice techniques together. Solitary training media, such as texts and workbooks, are not well-designed for team instruction.

• Ability to reach trainees remotely

Trainees may not all be in the same place at the same time. All of the training media discussed in this chapter, except lectures, can handle this situation well.

• Ability to access training where needed

Many organizations are also seeking ways to conduct training without removing employees from their day-to-day job tasks. Again, textbooks and workbooks are most mobile, classroom-based lectures are least mobile. The mobility of computer- and video-based instruction depends on a company's access to computers and VCRs.

• Ability to access training when needed

Many organizations today are looking for a way to train employees when skills are needed. Textbooks and workbooks are most responsive to satisfying the immediate needs of an employee. Lectures are least responsive. CBT and videos can also enable employees to work through an appropriate skill module when the skill is demanded by the job, making them very efficient training delivery methods.

• Ability to update & change course content frequently

If the content of the subject being taught will change frequently, the training media needs to be fairly flexible. If course content is more stable, media flexibility is unnecessary. The lecture format is most flexible, videos and computer-based training least flexible.

Regards,
Gourav Bulandi

Learner Requirements

Different training media are best suited for different learners. Companies need to evaluate their own situations to determine their learners' requirements.

• **Ability to gain attention & motivate:** If trainees are resistant to training, or the subject matter is particularly difficult, it may be important to keep the trainees' interest and motivate them. CBT and lectures are best at this, while text- and workbook-based instruction are the least effective.

• **Ability to minimize demands on verbal & reading skills:** If trainees have difficulty reading, text- and workbook-based instruction will be challenging. Video- and lecture-based instruction will be the easiest.

• **Ability to minimize demands on technical skills:** If trainees are not computer literate, it may be best to avoid computer-based training media. Unfamiliarity with a computer could shift trainees' focus from the substance of the CBT course to the technology itself. At a minimum, trainees should be able to activate a computer, navigate to an appropriate program and start it, use a keyboard and mouse to enter and manipulate data, and access online help.

Administrative Requirements

Some organizations may need to track trainees' progress to satisfy an external requirement, for example, from large company customers or grant providers. Others may want to track progress for their own purposes.

• **Ability to record trainee's progress:** High-quality computer-based training is designed to record trainees' progress. Lecturers can track progress, and workbooks can be checked to track trainees' progress as well. Videos and textbooks provide no means of gauging trainee progress.

• **Ability to report on trainee's progress:** Computer-based training systems are also designed to produce reports on trainees' progress. Trainee progress records from lecturers and workbooks can be compiled into reports as well.

Budget

All organizations operate with limited funds these days, and the costs of training media must fit within an organization's budget constraints.

• **Costs (development, acquisition, equipment) must be kept low:** In general, text and workbooks are the most economical training media on the market. Videos usually fall in the mid-range, while lectures and computer-based training, particularly when equipment costs are included, tend to be the most expensive. However, off-the-shelf CBT packages can be very affordable, particularly when a company already owns the necessary equipment.

Regards

Computer-Based Training (CBT) in Schools and Colleges

Computer-based training (CBT) in schools and colleges for students is any training that uses a computer as the focal point for instructional delivery. With CBT, training is provided through the use of a computer and software, which guides a learner through an instructional program.

Related Terms

- **CAI - Computer-Assisted Instruction:** An alternative term for delivering instruction through the medium of a computer.
- **CBI - Computer-Based Instruction:** Another term for instruction delivered via computer.

Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL)

CAL involves using a computer as an adjunct tool to aid in a traditional learning situation, such as classroom training. The computer serves as a device to assist the instructor during the training process, similar to a blackboard or handouts.

Computer-Assisted Testing (CAT)

CAT assesses individuals through the medium of a computer. Individuals take the test on the computer, and the system records and scores the test. CAT is embedded in most computer-based training programs.

Techniques Used in CBT Programs

- **Tutorial:** This common technique introduces new information sequentially, making it useful for teaching factual information, simple discrimination, rules, and the application of rules.

- **Drill and Practice:** This technique offers practice opportunities when mastering a new skill or information is desired, typically used after initial instruction.

- **Training Games:** These supplement other instruction and provide engaging practice opportunities. Training games leverage learners' competitive interests and add entertainment value to instruction.

- **Simulation:** This technique is often used when practicing a skill in its real context is costly or dangerous. It allows for experimentation and testing assumptions in a realistic context. Simulations also model real-world situations to enhance realism and relevance in training.

- **Problem Solving:** This challenging technique helps students develop skills in logic, problem-solving, and following directions, augmenting higher-order thinking skills.

- **Demonstration/Presentation:** Best used to introduce new information or as a review tool.

Regards,
NELCY KHATRI
MBA 1A

Computer-Based Training

 **Medical:** CBT is required in the medical profession, such as in CT scanning. CT scanning combines special X-ray equipment with sophisticated computers to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body. These cross-sectional images of the area being studied can then be examined on a computer monitor, printed, or transferred to a CD.

 **Educational Institutes:** It is required in educational institutes to educate students and to mark attendance.

 **Multinational Corporations:** It is required by MNCs to communicate with their different branches to get details of what is going on.

 **Professional Information Gathering:** CBT is required to gather information from different professionals by sharing views, for example, citehr.

Regards,
Er. Lovish Goel
MBA 1(A)

Hello madam, I have searched for computer-based training techniques in medical surgery. In recent decades, robotics and computer science have been gaining more and more relevance in all aspects of our lives. In surgery, for example, they have given birth to procedures impossible to perform otherwise, such as tele-surgery or nano-surgery. In this regard, these applied sciences already play an important role in assisting the surgeon both in the operating room and as a support in the education of young surgeons. However, much work still needs to be done.

In fact, in recent years, we have seen an extreme change in traditional training in surgery, and computer-based simulation is one of the main reasons for this shift. The spread of Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) has brought major improvements in the quality of healthcare, but it has also increased the complexity of surgical procedures, requiring advanced and highly specialized training systems. Moreover, these training procedures need to be reiterated during the operational life of surgeons. Therefore, considering the limited availability of cadavers and the public concern with the non-ethical treatment of animals, traditional approaches to surgical training are drastically limited, encouraging the use of surgical simulators based on virtual environments.

Healthcare industries and the scientific community in medicine agree on the disruptive potential of applying Virtual Reality (VR) to training in the medical field. Therefore, the next step is the development of surgical simulators with a high level of realism in order to practice complex procedures in a safe environment. Moreover, it is decisive that this evolution integrates advanced medical imaging and processing, allowing surgeons to practice simulated interventions on patient-specific datasets.

The increasing importance of MIS techniques will cause a drastic change in pre-operation planning and basic surgical training. The features of this kind of surgical approach, such as workspace limitation, 2D vision through a laparoscopic camera, and indirect physical interaction with the patient's body, make it possible to use a surgical simulator to train, plan, or simulate an intervention, reproducing the visual and tactile feedback of the real surgical procedure on a real patient.

Regards, Ajit Singh

Hello Madam, I have researched computer-based training techniques in medical surgery.

Regards,
Ajit Singh
MBA 1'A'

Topic - Computer-Based Training

Computer-based training is very important for training employees. It is a MODERN APPROACH to training.

Examples of CBT

1. UNODC (the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) has developed computer-based training (CBT) on drug law enforcement. Transnational drug trafficking is a global concern, with drug traffickers using the latest technologies to avoid detection at land borders, airports, and seaports by Customs officers. Traffickers use innocuous couriers and adopt new methods to smuggle drugs. This global training tool applies a problem-solving and interactive approach and is managed by a Learning Management System (LMS). It covers 65 relevant topics, including the review of passports for land controls and airports, behavioral indicators at airports, and questioning persons at seaports/airports. The subjects are divided into 5 chapters: i) interdiction techniques for land controls, ii) interdiction techniques at airports, iii) interdiction techniques at seaports, iv) intelligence and controlled delivery, and v) money laundering.

2. Commercial Airline Pilot Training is a good example. This is a huge overhead for airlines with strictly controlled government standards, not only to train pilots initially but also for continued training to refresh the pilots' knowledge and introduce new aircraft, systems, or methods. Aircraft simulators were developed so that pilots could train in all weather conditions, around the clock, and crucially, without risking real, expensive airliners.

3. The Application of Engine Room Simulators

Today, many maritime academies and vocational training centers apply engine room simulators in the teaching/learning process. The objective of this training is to establish a minimum level of specialized knowledge and qualification in global ship traffic. An interactive program has been devised wherein trainees have the possibility to familiarize themselves with the system and develop operational skills. Various multimedia techniques of simulation have been applied in this program, including three-dimensional presentations, sound applications, diagrams, pictures, etc. Computer-based training (CBT) is being increasingly utilized in maritime academies as a preparatory stage, prior to the use of full mission engine room simulators. The basic role of CBT interactive programs is the familiarization with individual auxiliary machinery and associated systems, prior to the commencement of the operation with the whole engine room plant. The use of CBT modules is especially important in the case of complex marine control systems, where a perfect knowledge of different operational modes is required.

Regards,
Kawalpreet Singh
MBA-1A

Good evening, ma'am,
Computer-Based Training Techniques

Some computer-based training techniques are as follows:

1. Food Services Workers at a Hospital
Interactive computer-based safety instruction (CBI) was given to 73 workers in the food services department of an urban hospital. **RESULTS:** Post-test accuracy (95%) improved significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) from the pre-test (74.5%), d = 1.09. Generalization was confirmed by increased accuracy in answering questions posed on-the-job that required the application of knowledge to the work setting (from 46% to 79%; p < 0.0001). Problematic kitchen conditions, such as puddles, increased slightly after training, but adjustment for increasing production/workload revealed an overall post-training decline in problems from 0.58 to 0.32 (p = 0.0001, d = 0.89). Work practice improvement was seen in 79% of workers (p < 0.0001, d = 1.00). Effect sizes (d) of knowledge, location, and work practice improvements are large and demonstrate that the benefits of CBI extend to the workplace floor. Furthermore, the decrease between knowledge and behavior change (d = 0.09-0.2) is less than reported following other forms of training.

2. Aircraft Design Education
- CAI (computer-assisted instruction)
- CAL (computer-aided learning)
- CBE (computer-based education)
- CBI (computer-based instruction)
- CBL (computer-based learning) etc.

3. Computer Applications in Aviation Training
- Pilot Training
- Aviation Maintenance Training
- Cabin Crew Training
- X-ray Interpretation Training
- General Topic Training (safety, emergency, security).

Regards,
Japneet Kaur
MBA 1 A

Computer-Based Training Techniques

Talking about computer-based training techniques, or CBT, it's on the rise as it has many advantages. The following are the basic methods being used worldwide:

• **Webinars:** It's a form of CBT. Instructors use web rooms to teach students specific content. They can log into the web room from their computer. The instructor leads the student through content, and the students can ask questions by instant messaging. Also, the instructor can give control of the web room so that the students can perform exercises.

• **Videos**

• **E-Learning**

• **Learning Management System (LMS):** It is software used for delivering, tracking, and managing training/education.

• **Moodle:** It's an open course management system or a platform that deploys on an individual website. It includes modules such as forums, databases, and wikis to help create collaborative communities.

Regards,
Namrata Nagpal
MBA-1A

Dear Madam, Given below are two CBT techniques used in the Power Generation Sector in particular, and one general CBT technique.

Customized Instruction
Power plant operators are required to maintain company standards of knowledge and performance, leading to a growing need for time-efficient operator training methods. In the past 10 years, power plant operator training has evolved from primarily text-based computer programs to sophisticated, interactive multimedia learning aids. For example, a currently available, four-module CD-ROM course called "EPRI CBT" comes complete with video, animation, photographs, graphics, and professional narration. These computer-driven simulation and training tools can be used as classroom aids in conjunction with group training sessions, or to guide tutorial sessions for independent study. In the latter case, the training is done in-house during slow or downtime at the tutee's own pace. This tool, in particular, contains general information about power plant turbines, specific information about some conventional turbines, and customized information about the power plant turbines where the training is taking place.

Users of these tools have found that as they learn more about how operations affect plant equipment, they can make better decisions about start-up procedures and more quickly diagnose problems. As a result, plant staff productivity increases, plant performance improves, and equipment life is extended.

One energy company, City Public Service of San Antonio, has been using EPRI CBT for the past year with great success. They are taking their customization capability one step further by setting up operator competency standards based on training test results.

Virtual Control Center
A second method of efficient computer-based training involves sophisticated, realistic emulation of power systems in real-time for training purposes. For example, EPRI's Operator Training Simulator (OTS) provides such a realistic copy of an energy control center that operators say it is indistinguishable from the real thing. The transportable OTS operates within an energy company's control center energy management system (EMS). Representation of the control center is exact, with the same displays, consoles, and controls used in the control room. Its models provide real-time simulation, allowing system operators to learn skills that help them operate the power grid efficiently under common and emergency situations. The latter scenarios include some that might not be encountered in a real-world setting for years, but that are critical for comprehensive training.

Instructors guide the training sessions, monitor system reactions, and evaluate trainee progress from behind a glass wall overseeing the trainees. Trainees (usually no more than four at a time) see and hear what they would during actual power system operation. In some scenarios, the instructors, posing as power plant or substation personnel, call the trainees or vice versa, to simulate a real environment during emergency procedures.

Desktop Classroom
A third example of computer-based training involves training on a variety of topics that can be done at users' desktops. For example, in interactive distance learning (IDL) systems, students at remote sites use microphone-equipped response keypads to communicate both verbally and electronically in real-time with an instructor at a studio site. Students ask and answer questions electronically, while the instructor uses a touch screen to issue formatted questions and activate student microphones. Questions and comments are heard by all the students on the network. This interactivity helps to boost student attention level and interest while providing instructors valuable real-time feedback.

One such program, the ONE TOUCH system, can handle up to 1500 remote sites, dependent on the comfort level of the user and the type of course content being covered. This training method is used for employee training in areas such as management, human resources, sales, marketing, and technical development. Compared to conventional training methods, customers using the ONE TOUCH IDL solution have reported a 100% increase in comprehension and an 80% increase in the amount of content covered.

Regards,
Dipinder Singh Kalsi
MBA 1A

Computer-Based Training Techniques

Most CBT uses one or a combination of the following techniques:

Tutorial: The most common technique is the tutorial. It is used to introduce new information that must be taught in a sequential manner. It is useful for teaching factual information, simple discrimination, rules, and simple application of rules.

Drill and Practice: Another commonly used technique is known as drill and practice. It provides opportunities for practice when mastery of a new skill or information is desired. It should be used after initial instruction.

Training Games: Training games supplement other instruction and are used to provide motivating and engaging opportunities for practice after a skill or new information is taught. Training games capitalize on the competitive interests of learners and add entertainment value to instruction.

Simulation: The technique of simulation is most often used when practicing a skill in its real context is too costly or dangerous. It provides an opportunity for experimentation and allows students to test assumptions in a realistic context. Simulations are also used to model real-world situations that are not physically dangerous or costly to build realism and relevance into the training situation.

Problem Solving: One of the most challenging techniques used in CBT is problem-solving. It helps students develop skills in logic, problem-solving, and following directions and is generally used to augment higher-order thinking skills.

Demonstration/Presentation: Demonstration or presentation is best used to support the introduction of new information. It can also be used as a review tool.

Most CBT incorporates one or more of these techniques. A training game, for example, might have some elements of drill and practice; a tutorial might use problem-solving questions. If one or more of these techniques are right for meeting your training requirements, CBT may be an appropriate training method for you.

Dear Harleen,

I saw your post and noticed that quite a number of students from the MBA 1A batch answered your query, almost like a project. It seems like some sort of online assignment test in a professional forum. Anyway, you have not mentioned what you do and why you need this information.

If you are interested in implementing CBT in your organization, please mention the place and nature of the organization's business, employee strength, and the places/offices to which you want to connect your HO/HQ. People will guide you to choose and implement the right kind of software.

Have you heard about PeopleSoft eLearning Software used for this purpose? Or OracleApps, the same software for that matter? It is widely used by big organizations across the US. Many such in-house software options are also available in India, like the Learning Management System (LMS) used by NIIT to conduct professional courses across different NIIT centers in India.

Happy learning!

Regards,
Sourabh

Good evening Mam,
There has been a development related to Computer-Based Training (CBT) in the area of "driving safety" for older drivers. These days, driving has become an indispensable part of life for the majority of individuals crossing the age barrier. Though there are refresher courses available to work on driving skills, they require a lot of time and effort.

To solve this problem, computer-based programs have been developed to train individuals and improve their driving skills. The programs promise to enhance reflexes, focus, and multitasking abilities, which are fundamental to safe driving. With these new programs comes a hopeful strategy for keeping "older drivers" on the road safely—and for longer—allowing them to preserve a function critical to their quality of life.

Unlike conventional simulators, which train drivers by mimicking the experience of being on the road, these software programs use challenging computer games—seemingly unrelated to driving—that target the physical, visual, and cognitive skills required to competently and safely pilot a vehicle in the real world. By making the relevant parts of the brain work harder, computer-based driver training aims to bolster those functions.

Hence, these computer-based training programs in the form of computer games help enhance the road safety of older drivers.

e.g., DriveSharp by Posit Science, launched in July 2009, and Senior Driver by CogniFit.

Regards,
Deepak Nagpal
MBA 1A

Good Evening Ma'am, In the Computer-Based Training, some specific computer software is used for instructional purposes. Most organizations use CBT for training purposes. CBT can be used for formal learning, non-formal learning, and informal learning. There are many advantages of CBT, such as availability and pace conformance. It reduces the training cost when training is provided to more employees in more locations. CBT is also very consistent. It cuts the classroom and storage space. On the other hand, it has some disadvantages as well, such as the initial cost being very high and an impersonal learning environment, and sometimes computer unavailability.

Computer-Based Techniques

There are some computer-based techniques which are as follows:

1. **Simulation:** It is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. It refers to an artificial 3D computer graphics model made to represent a three-dimensional object through the use of specialized software. With this, one can experiment with a real-world situation. This is mostly used to train pilots.

2. **Testing:** In this, pretests evaluate existing knowledge, and training focuses on subsequent deficiencies. Self-test questions are there throughout the program. We can also practice to perform the tests. Post-tests are also there to know about the pattern, etc.

3. **Interactive Multimedia Training:** It integrates tests, videos, graphics, photos, animations, and sounds. It is self-paced and interactive. One can better understand things with this. This is the most effective system of training.

4. **Demonstration:** It is used to support the introduction of new information and is widely applied for the creation of instruction books. It is similar to an E-book concerning the learning method.

5. **Tutorial:** It is a sequential manner of introducing new information. It is useful for teaching factual information, simple discrimination, rules, and a simple application of rules.

- **Drill and Skill Practice:** Used after initial instruction when mastery of a new skill or information is desired.

- **Problem-solving:** Used to augment higher-order thinking skills.

- **IST (Intelligent Tutorial Systems):** Provide direct feedback to students, without the intervention of human beings, whilst performing a task.

These are the various CBT techniques.

Regards, Amrit Kaur MBA 1 A

Re: Computer-Based Training Techniques

Hello Ma'am, as CBT is a rapidly growing and effective method of training, many organizations are shifting from IBT (Instructor-Based Training) to CBT (Computer-Based Training). The following diagram shows why Computer-Based Training is important.

Regards,
Ajay Pal Singh
MBA-1(A)

Techniques for Computer-Based Training

Some of the techniques for computer-based training are:

- IBM PC Institute - Develops online training for customers, IBM Business Partners, and IBM employees. The focus is on sales, technical (including certification), and service training for IBM PCD products and solutions.

- Conductor - Conductor CBT for employee education allows registration and tracking of your employees' training needs. You can create employee profiles, assign classes, and track attendance. It also enables you to issue licenses and certifications. Reports are available, and if you cannot find a report from their list, you have the option to modify or create your own.

- Affordable Computer Training (UK) - Offers self-development courses and information for IT professionals and IT users.

- NETg - A Thomson Learning business that develops a full range of learning solutions using learning objects and precision learning technology. They offer courses in multiple languages, covering professional IT, desktop, and personal development skills.

Regards,
Satinder Singh MBA II 1011087

Some of the techniques used for CBT are...

1. TUTORIAL
The most common of all techniques is the tutorial. It is used to introduce new information that must be taught in a sequential manner. It is useful for teaching factual information, simple discrimination, rules, and simple application of rules.

2. PROBLEM SOLVING
One of the most challenging techniques used in CBT is problem solving. It helps students develop skills in logic, solving problems, and following directions, and is generally used to augment higher-order thinking skills.

3. INTELLIGENT TUTORIAL SYSTEM (ITS)
It is a text-based and interactive system. It consists of a system which includes an expert knowledge base, a trainee model, a training session manager, and a user interface. For example, the ISC Learning Group and the United Nations for Drugs and Crime provide CBT to 3,000 employees per year.

Regards,
Abhishek Walia
MBA1A

Computer-Based Techniques

CBT is the most effective and efficient technique. CBT gives trainers increased control over training activities. It trains people in specific performance. By using the CBT ability to teach more than one trainee simultaneously, if a company has a number of people that need to be trained, it is important that the training media work well with groups. All five of the media looked at in this chapter (computer-, video-, text-, workbook-, and lecture-based training) can teach more than one trainee at a time, though trainees would need to be able to access the computer-based training and textbooks individually, and each student would need his or her workbook.

Costs (development, acquisition, equipment) must be kept low. In general, text and workbooks are the most economical training media on the market. Videos usually fall in the mid-range, while lectures and computer-based training, particularly when equipment costs are included, tend to be the most expensive. However, off-the-shelf CBT packages can be very affordable, particularly when a company already owns the necessary hardware.

Increase access to training for learners in locations around the world.

Regards,
SUKHPREET KAUR
MBA 1(A)

COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING TECHNIQUES

1) Ability to provide immediate feedback.

It is important for students to know how they are doing and whether they are mastering course content as soon as possible. Immediate feedback can keep them from floundering or going forward under misperceptions. CBT is best at providing immediate feedback. Workbooks and lecturers may also be able to do so, though not as effectively.

2) Ability to produce life-like images.

Some instruction requires high-quality visuals, such as illustrations of machine parts or body organs, to be effective. All of the training media discussed here have that capability, though lecture-based instruction needs some augmentation to provide these visuals.

3) Ability to produce high-quality audio.

Some instructions also require high-quality audio reproduction to prepare trainees properly. Machine malfunctions might be best diagnosed by the sounds that they make, and the different sounds people make while breathing could indicate different ailments. CBT and video are best suited to providing high-quality audio, and with augmentation, lectures can provide it as well.

4) Ability to use in combination with other media.

Some forms of instruction can be combined fairly easily (lecture with text, for example), while some cannot. The ability to combine media may be important if, for example, learners need to master both theory and practice. Textbooks and workbooks are frequently designed for use with other media, while most CBT is designed as a standalone product.

5) Ability to use computers.

Computer literacy is rapidly becoming a basic skill all productive people will need to function in society and on the job. If employees are in jobs that require them to use computers, computer-based training can do double duty: both providing the intended training content and building employees' comfort and facility with computers. If computers aren't yet used on the job but will be soon, using CBT will introduce employees to computers and familiarize them with computer functions.

Regards,
Prabhjot Singh (MBA-1A)

Hello, ma'am, Computer-based instruction is being widely used in the education programs of many allied health professions. However, there has been little, if any, documentation of computer-based instruction use in athletic training education. The primary purpose of this study was to determine what percentage of undergraduate and graduate NATA-approved athletic training education programs are using some form of computer-based instruction (i.e., computer-assisted instruction or interactive video). We also addressed the following research questions:

1) What athletic training educational software is currently being used by athletic training students and educators?
2) What factors currently impede the use of computer-based instruction in athletic training education?
3) What instructional methods are commonly used to incorporate computer-based instruction into athletic training?
4) What are the attitudes of athletic training program directors toward the use of computer-based instruction in athletic training education?

Surveys were mailed to the program directors (n = 97) of all graduate and undergraduate NATA-approved athletic training education programs. Eighty-six (87.7%) usable surveys were returned. Forty-eight (55.8%) of the respondents reported using some form of computer-based instruction in their athletic training education program; 47 (54.7%) used computer-assisted instruction and 9 (10.6%) used interactive video. Respondents also identified the educational software they use and their method for implementing this software. Software was used most often to supplement traditional instructional methods. A lack of funds was reported to be the primary impeding factor for those programs not using computer-based instruction. Respondents reported an overall positive attitude toward computer-based instruction use in athletic training education and indicated the need for increased development of athletic training/sports medicine software.

Regards,
Karan Soni
MBA 1A