JUNJUA,
Please find the theories below.
Early Theories of Motivation
Hierarchy of Needs (a.k.a. Maslow's Pyramid)
Physiological
includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and other bodily needs
Safety
includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm
Social
includes affection, belongingness acceptance, and friendship
Esteem
includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement; and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention
Self-actualization
the drive to become what one is capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment
Note: An individual moves “up the steps” of the hierarchy. “Lower order” needs are satisfied externally (i.e. physiological and safety) while “higher order” needs are satisfied internally (i.e. social, esteem, and self-actualization).
Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two distinct views of human beings: one basically
negative, labeled Theory X, and the other basically positive, labeled Theory Y.
Theory X
The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. (Lower order needs dominate)
Theory Y
The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction. (Higher order needs dominate)
McGregor believed Theory Y (“higher order” needs per Maslow) assumptions were more valid than Theory X (“lower order” needs per Maslow) and proposed such ideas as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations as approaches that would maximize an employee's motivation.
**Question = what type of manager will you be (or are you)? One who believes in Theory X or Theory Y? Be honest!
Two-Factor Theory
•Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction.
•Hygiene factors = when these are adequate, workers “feel OK” (i.e. they are NOT dissatisfied). Examples include quality of supervision, company policies and administration.
•Motivators = examines factors contributing to job satisfaction. Thus there are factors which lead to job satisfaction and things that don’t (i.e. notice there is a difference between “non-satisfying” and “dissatisfying factors”)