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Technology Overview

We stand alone in our focus on developing the "perfect search engine," defined by co-founder Larry Page as something that, "understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want." To that end, we have persistently pursued innovation and refused to accept the limitations of existing models. As a result, we developed our serving infrastructure and breakthrough PageRank™ technology that changed the way searches are conducted.

From the beginning, our developers recognized that providing the fastest, most accurate results required a new kind of server setup. Whereas most search engines ran off a handful of large servers that often slowed under peak loads, ours employed linked PCs to quickly find each query's answer. The innovation paid off in faster response times, greater scalability and lower costs. It's an idea that others have since copied, while we have continued to refine our back-end technology to make it even more efficient.

The software behind our search technology conducts a series of simultaneous calculations requiring only a fraction of a second. Traditional search engines rely heavily on how often a word appears on a web page. We use more than 200 signals, including our patented PageRank™ algorithm, to examine the entire link structure of the web and determine which pages are most important. We then conduct hypertext-matching analysis to determine which pages are relevant to the specific search being conducted. By combining overall importance and query-specific relevance, we're able to put the most relevant and reliable results first.

• PageRank Technology: PageRank reflects our view of the importance of web pages by considering more than 500 million variables and 2 billion terms. Pages that we believe are important pages receive a higher PageRank and are more likely to appear at the top of the search results.

PageRank also considers the importance of each page that casts a vote, as votes from some pages are considered to have greater value, thus giving the linked page greater value. We have always taken a pragmatic approach to help improve search quality and create useful products, and our technology uses the collective intelligence of the web to determine a page's importance.

• Hypertext-Matching Analysis: Our search engine also analyzes page content. However, instead of simply scanning for page-based text (which can be manipulated by site publishers through meta-tags), our technology analyzes the full content of a page and factors in fonts, subdivisions and the precise location of each word. We also analyze the content of neighboring web pages to ensure the results returned are the most relevant to a user's query.

Our innovations don't stop at the desktop. To give people access to the information they need, whenever and wherever they need it, we continue to develop new mobile applications and services that are more accessible and customizable. And we're partnering with industry-leading carriers and device manufacturers to deliver these innovative services globally. We're working with many of these industry leaders through the Open Handset Alliance to develop Android, the first complete, open, and free mobile platform, which will offer people a less expensive and better mobile experience.

Life of a Google Query

The life span of a Google query normally lasts less than half a second, yet involves a number of different steps that must be completed before results can be delivered to a person seeking information.



3. The search results are returned to the user in a fraction of a second. 1. The web server sends the query to the index servers. The content inside the index servers is similar to the index in the back of a book - it tells which pages contain the words that match the query.



2. The query travels to the doc servers, which actually retrieve the stored documents. Snippets are generated to describe each search result.

From India, Ahmadabad
Anonymous
7

How to improve your Google searching

Written by Alex Ashman

Google currently dominates the search engine market and looks set to continue to do so in the near future especially with millions of people having Google set as their homepage. Given that so many use Google for so many reasons, this tutorial should help you be more efficient with your searching.
Country Specific Search
Google provides on its index page the option to search just within your particular country, which is often very useful, for example place names of course exist in different countries, so searching for "Hampshire" and "pages within the UK" should ensure no results are related to New Hampshire in the US. Google already tailors results relative to your residing country, but this can further narrow down your search.
Google Advanced Search
An obvious place to start and one that is often overlooked is to click on the advanced search linkjust next to the box where you enter your topic to search for. This page can be very useful, especially if you know you are searching within a very broad topic. It includes the options for 'all of the words', 'exact phrase', 'at least one of the words' and 'without the words' as well as language options, regional searches and dates among others.
Google Searching Quick Tips
Some of the options available from the advanced search page are available as shortcuts by using of some of the following characters with your search. I have also included some other useful tricks that are less commonly used, but that can proved very useful in filtering search results.
"Definition Search"
Google can provide you with useful web-sourced definitions to terms by using the following search - "define: consulting". This brings up a page with different definitions and the websites that they have been taken from.
"Quotation Mark" Search
Placing quotation marks around your search keywords ensures that the words are searched as a complete phrase. This is perhaps most useful when searching for someone's name. Using "John Smith" in quotation marks ensures pages are found that have both terms, and not all the pages that contain John and all the pages that contain Smith. This performs the same function as the "+" search.
"File Type" Search
It is possible to refine your Google search so that only certain file types are shown in the search results. Adding in "filetype:" is the text to enter. An example would be "economic development in India filetype:pdf", given that offical and academic reports often are in pdf format, this could ensure your search results are of a higher quality and more reliable.
"Or" Search
Makes Google search for pages that contain both or either of the chosen words. For "example flats london or paris" would give you results that had "flats in london" or "flats in paris"
"Synonym" Search
To search for synonyms of a work, use the ~ before your word. Such an example would be "~internet ~facts" yields results about internet statistics, trivia, databases etc.
"Fill in the Blanks" Search
If you need an answer to a question you can use an * where the words or answer are missing. For example "* is the queen of england", or "George Bush was born in *"
"Domain" Search
If a certain site doesn't have great searching facilities, or you just want to save time you can rely on google to show you all a site's indexed pages. Searching for "business site:bbc.co.uk" shows all pages that are within the bbc.co.uk site that are related to business.
"+" Search
To improve the speed of searching and the accuracy of results, Google excludes common words such as to, when, where etc. If these are essential to your search to narrow it, there is a solution - by adding in the "+" before the word you want to include. Entering "Back to the Future +3" would ensure only sites that are talking about the 3rd film would show up.
"-" Search
Including a "-" sign in your search rather obviously excludes the terms you want. If you know you are likely to receive results from online shops it may make sense to include "-store" or "-merchant" with your other keywords.
"Numrange" Search
Google neatly allows you to search within certain data ranges if you tell it to by using two full stops (or periods if you're American) and no space. For example - "Coldplay CD £5..£8". This type of search is perhaps sometimes useful, although I have personally found this to be the most limited of Google's extra search features.

From India, Ahmadabad
Anonymous
7

5 Google Tips To Improve Your Search Experience

Want an RSS feed of all Britney, all the time, or 3-D modeling software? Beyond basic search and apps like Google Earth, here are some little-known tips to enhance your online experience, including a free way to generate Sidebar Gadgets for Windows Vista.
By Alexander Wolfe
InformationWeek
March 17, 2007 04:00 AM

Google (NSDQ: GOOG) is known as a major-league search destination and as the source of "wish I'd thought of that" apps such as Google Earth, the Picasa photo-sharing program, and Gmail. However, a closer investigation turns up both some little-known ways to get the most out of your searches and some funky productivity boosting applications you might not have heard about.
1
Create Customized News Feeds

All the world's news may be at your fingertips on the Web, but one still typically has to either browse through an online newspaper, visit a bookmarked site, or browse through a long list of RSS feeds to find that nugget of interest. What if you could create a customized feed, which would instant present you with just the news you're interested in? Perhaps you're interested in what Microsoft (NSDQ: MSFT) is up to. Or maybe you've been slacking off on the technology and following Britney Spears instead. Either way, Google News Feed is the app for you.
More Internet Insights
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• Security and Trust: The Backbone of Doing Business over the Internet
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These feeds are a refinement of Google's widely used news page, which aggregates news from around the world into nine coarse-grain buckets such as Top Stories, Science & Technology, Health, and Sports.


(click image for larger view)

Google provides RSS news feeds for eight broad topic areas, ranging from world and national news to sports and entertainment.

view the image gallery

(click image for larger view)

News feeds customized to any topic you desire can be created by putting in a search term and then grabbing the RSS feed from the middle-left portion of the Google page.

view the image gallery

Turning the feeds from something you access within a Web browser into a more useful information flow that comes to you is done by grabbing via Really Simple Syndication. By now, even people who don't use that technology know this is called an RSS feed--an XML stream that can be decoded by an RSS reader.
Feeds have their own form of URL. For example, Google News's Sci/Tech RSS feed ishttp:// Simply plug the URL into your RSS reader or into the new RSS facility that's been integrated into Internet Explorer 7 and you're good to go. The RSS feeds for the other eight Google News categories can be picked up here
Far more interesting is the full-custom capability I mentioned in the beginning. To pursue this tack, go back to Google News. Type the subject of interest--we're going with "Microsoft"--into the search box at the top of the page. After you hit "Search," the page will come back with an RSS link about six inches down the left side of the browser. Click on that, and you'll get a link--http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=microsoft&ie=UTF-8&output=rss, in this case--which you can paste into your RSS reader. That'll keep all the latest Microsoft-related stories coming your way.
Once that's done, the customized feed will be displayed in your RSS reader just as if it were a "regular" feed from another other site you normally subscribe to. (If you're still interested in our hypothetical "Britney Spears" feed, the RSS link to paste into your reader is: britney spears - Google News. )


(click image for larger view)

Here's the XML code generated by the Google News RSS feed; in this case for a customized "Microsoft" feed.

view the image gallery

(click image for larger view)

RSS readers like Bloglines -- or the new RSS feature in Internet Explorer 7 -- can be used to view your customized Google feeds.

view the image gallery

Best of all, with Google's customized feed feature, you can add a new feed at any time, simply by doing a new search and grabbing the RSS URL from the button on the left side of the Google News page. (That is, when you do a search, you get an RSS feed which corresponds to that search. Also, note that the feed will continually draw in new stories on that subject, not just stuff extant at the time of your search.) Sophisticated users have long relied on Web-based RSS readers such as Bloglines or Google Reader. With the capability now built into IE 7, you no longer have an excuse not to try out perhaps the most useful Web tools that hasn't yet advanced much beyond the early adopters into ubiquity.

Page 2: Sidebar 'Gadgets' For Windows Vista
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 Next Page »

From India, Ahmadabad
Anonymous
7

Subject: Re: HRM vs. HRD what is the difference?
Answered By: tutuzdad-ga on 27 Oct 2005 06:55 PDT

Dear cbbahamas-ga;

Thank you for allowing me to answer your interesting question. Human
Resource Management (HRM) and Human Resource Development (HRD) each
have their own unique purpose in the functionality of a company.

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the management of company
PERSONNEL. It is defined as: ?Staffing function of the organization.
It includes the activities of human resources planning, recruitment,
selection, orientation, training, performance appraisal, compensation,
and safety.?
GLOSSARY
Glossary - H

Here is a more detailed explanation:

?HRM means just what it says -- human resource management -- the
management of people or resources in an organization. Almost every
working organization has to have some form of HRM staff to take care
of basic employee management tasks. HRM encompasses the traditional
areas that most people think of as HR, including compensation and
benefits, recruiting and staffing, employee and labor relations and
occupational health and safety.

An HRM professional might start out as a generalist, then choose a
specialty area of HRM such as benefits and become a benefits manager.
After that, she may choose to remain in the specialty area, perhaps
running all benefits programs at an organization, or move into an HR
leadership role as an HR director or VP overseeing both HRM and HRD
tasks.?

Human Resource Development (HRD) is the development and management of
company RESOURCES. It is defined as: ?The development of human
capabilities, abilities, knowledge and know-how to meet people's
ever-growing needs for goods and services to improve their standard of
living and quality of life. It is a process in which the citizens of a
nation acquire and develop the knowledge and skills necessary for
occupational tasks and for other social, cultural, intellectual and
political roles that form part of a vibrant democratic society.?
GLOSSARY
http://polity.org.za <link updated to site home>

Here?s more on HRD:

?On the other hand, HRD -- human resource development -- is the
development of the resources in a company: organization development,
performance management, training and learning, and coaching. HRD
includes evaluating the performance of employees, helping employees
learn and develop new skills, and assisting them with weaknesses or
areas of development. HRD also includes helping an organization
develop -- diagnosing problems with how people work together in
certain areas of an organization.

An HRD professional's career might begin with an analyst role, working
as a consultant on a company's organization development (OD) team. The
HRD professional may then choose to specialize, focusing specifically
on performance programs in the organization, or may become an OD
manager, in charge of several analysts or consultants working on OD
projects. After that, he may choose to remain in the specialty area
running the OD function, or move into an HR leadership role as an HR
director or VP overseeing both HRM and HRD tasks.?

VAULT CAREER LIBRARY
Vault Guide to Human Resources Careers: Vault Career and Industry Guides

I hope you find that my answer exceeds your expectations. If you have
any questions about my research please post a clarification request
prior to rating the answer. Otherwise I welcome your rating and your
final comments and I look forward to working with you again in the
near future. Thank you for bringing your question to us.

Best regards;
Tutuzdad-ga ? Google Answers Researcher

INFORMATION SOURCES

Defined above

SEARCH STRATEGY

SEARCH ENGINE USED:

Google ://www.google.com

SEARCH TERMS USED:

Human Resource Management

HRM

Human Resource Development

HRD

From India, Ahmadabad
Anonymous
7

Caseplace search: Human Resource Management

Discipline: Human Resource Management (remove)
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SORT RESULTS BY: PUBLICATION DATE MOST POPULAR PRODUCT TYPE

Companies We Keep: Employee Ownership and the Business of Community and Place
Author: Abrams, John
Product Type: Books / Book Chapters
Source: Chelsea Green Publishing
Publication Year: 2008
Thoroughly revised with an expanded focus on employee ownership and workplace democracy, Companies We Keepcelebrates the idea that when employees share in the rewards as well as the responsibility for the decisions they make, better decisions result.

On the Clock: Are Retail Sales People Getting a Raw Deal?
Author: Knowledge@Wharton
Product Type: Journal Articles
Source: Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
Publication Year: 2008
Building on success in controlling inventory and other retail operations, new software programs are being used to manage another critical asset for stores -- sales people.

Building Better Bodies
Author: Freudenheim, Milt
Product Type: Magazine / Newspaper Articles
Source: New York Times
Publication Year: 2008
With fewer employees to rely on, small businesses are particularly vulnerable when workers take sick days or function poorly on the job.

Giving Voice to Values Curriculum: Home Page
Introduction, Annotated Table of Contents, Teaching Modules
Author: Gentile, Mary C.
Product Type:
Source: Giving Voice to Values Curriculum Initiative
Publication Year: 2008
Giving Voice to Values (GVV) is an innovative research and curriculum development project, launched by The Aspen Institute Business and Society Program and Yale School of Management. This page serves as the homepage for Faculty for GVV materials...

Mining and Metals: Five Issues with Broad Implications
Authors: Shattuck, Rachel; Scully, Maureen
Product Type: Teaching Modules
Source: Aspen Institute Center for Business Education
Publication Year: 2008
The mining and metals industry offers many challenging questions and useful lessons for MBA students. This teaching module helps professors raise these topics in the classroom by bringing together a variety of different materials from different sources that can be used both as background reading and as the focus of class discussion...

Staples, Inc.
Author: The National Center for Employee Ownership
Product Type: Mini-Cases
Source: The National Center for Employee Ownership
Publication Year: 2008
Staples’ management believes strongly that sharing equity with employees is an integral part of the company’s compensation program because it allows them to attract, retain, and reward employees who contribute to longterm success.

Sloan & Harrison: Non-Equity Partner Discontent
Authors: Groysberg, Boris; Sherman, Eliot
Product Type: Cases
Source: Harvard Business School Publishing
Publication Year: 2008
The law firm, Sloan & Harrison, was dealing with some discontent among its junior non-equity partners.

The Digital Oil Field Advantage
Authors: Steinhubl, Andrew; Klimchuk, Glenn
Product Type: Journal Articles
Source: strategy+business
Publication Year: 2008
New technologies can help the oil industry manage a shrinking labor force and rising demand.

On Day Care, Google Makes a Rare Fumble
Author: Nocera, Joseph
Product Type: Magazine / Newspaper Articles
Source: The New York Times
Publication Year: 2008
Two months ago, Google held a series of secret focus groups with employees who have children in Google’s day care facilities. The purpose was to gauge their reaction to the company’s plan to raise the amount it charged for in-house day care by 75 percent.

Carl Warren & Company
Author: The National Center for Employee Ownership
Product Type: Mini-Cases
Source: The National Center for Employee Ownership
Publication Year: 2008
Employees of this award-winning ESOP company now speak at conferences about their extensive communications program, but just four years ago remote employees felt disconnected and the company had an ownership culture that could be described as “lip service only.”

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From India, Ahmadabad
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